Understanding the general health status of children aged 18 years and below in relation to the HIV epidemic is paramount in South Africa - a country that has both the highest number of adults and children living with HIV/AIDS in the world. In this cardinal report, research findings from a population-based household survey are presented on the general health status of infants, children, and adolescents in South Africa including morbidity, utilisation of health facilities, immunisation coverage, HIV status and associated risk factors. This compelling study also investigates the exposure of children and adolescents to HIV communication programmes and presents essential data on male circumcision as well as the acceptability of the practice. This report will play a vital role in assisting policy makers and stakeholders in targeting and prioritising key issues in planning and programming efforts focusing on the broad health issues of South African children. It will also be invaluable to health professionals, the media, researchers and academics.