This text argues a case for the use of environmental resource economics (ERE) as an analytical framework for the conceptualisation and design of policy options. Sustainable options integrates economic theories and concepts on the one hand with social and environmental challenges on the other. Applying ERE in a developing context, like that of South Africa, is critical given the country's dependence on natural and environmental assets. The sustainability of the economy and the welfare of the country's people are at stake. Environmental management is, therefore, an economic concern. This is illustrated clearly in the first section of the title which examines a broad range of welfare indicators, thus providing an overview of the macroeconomic performance of the South African economy. The mainstay of the title is a choice selection of ERE case studies done over the last few years and a discussion of the political and ethical contexts of economic development.