Indian Medicinal Plants in the Shifting Terrains of Science traces the medical and botanical reconnaissance of indigenous medicinal plants in nineteenth-century Bengal and observes their integration into the framework of modern science. These processes involved critical inroads into mapping the natural world and building foundations for the disciplines of medicine and botany in the colonies. Varied and diachronic processes of scientific review of the colony’s natural resources were concurrent with rapid epistemological advances on the global scene and a simultaneous build-up of utilitarian colonial configurations. This led to the eventual budding of critical nationalist and popular indigenous responses and actions, making way for a history of convergence between opposing, contrasting, balancing and adaptive forces of intellection within both the indigenous and non-indigenous spheres.