This book reconstructs the historical transition in undivided Panjab during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It shows that the assertion of Afghan and Mughal suzerainty faced sustained resistance from local elements, particularly the autonomous tribes and hill chiefdoms. In central plains, Dulla Bhatti mobilized the toilers of his ancestral domain and, leading a relentless fight against Mughal oppression, became an abiding symbol of resistance in the collective memory.