Multiple Modernisms is an exploration of the plurality of modernism and its history of resurfacing at different times in different cultures. In itself a term which eludes an exact definition, it manages to project two central concepts in its shifts in history – one of the need to reconcile faith and doubt, belief and non-belief, and the other a resistance to authority and institutional power. Luther, Nanak, Descartes, Kierkegaard, Sartre all raise these issues. Several chapters are focused on India – in fact, the thrust is on the relationship between India and Europe, as the various ideologies, movements and revolutions confront each other – for colonial and imperial structures do not function alike. Rebellions, protests, and new ideas are necessarily rooted in cultural histories. The confrontation of ideas and strategies emerged sharply in the cusp of the nineteenth-twentieth centuries.