In November 2019, India published a new political map including Kalapani, Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura within its territory. Nepal’s response was to publish its own map showing these areas within Nepal and amend the Constitution to reflect the same in the national emblem. India has so far ignored Nepal’s subsequent entreaties for a dialogue. The contributions in this book seek to objectively explore and analyse the genesis of Nepal-India border disputes dating back to the Sugauli Treaty of 1816, and shift through the documents, maps and strategic motivations bearing on the Mahakali and Susta disputes. The issue involved are identified – historical, political, geographical, hydrological, cartographic, and legal, to provide a nuanced appreciation of the position of Nepal vis-a-vis India in the belief that reasoned discussions based on history, documents, facts and evidence outweigh considerations of size and power.