The feasibility and operation process of Chinas targeted poverty alleviation policies and strategies is a complex social system. This study puts forward the coupling theory of Chinas targeted poverty alleviation strategy by combining the school of structural functionalism and the social system view, and conducts a theoretical study of the social mechanism operation system based on Chinas targeted poverty alleviation model and poverty reduction experience. Judging from the effectiveness of targeted poverty alleviation, Chinas targeted poverty alleviation strategy has not only eliminated absolute poverty in China, but also set a model for poverty reduction in developing countries internationally, and has become a spiritual wealth that China has contributed to the cause of poverty reduction in the world.