Generals and Geographers, The Twilight of Geopolitics is a reprint with new introduction and appendices of two relevant articles This is the story of geopolitical thought in Germany in the first half of the 20th century - from its late 19th century origins as seemingly a genuine science, through what the author maintains was its subsequent perversion into a political pseudo-science aimed at facilitating world conquest. It is the story of one of the world's leading geopolitical thinkers of that era, German Professor and former Army General Karl Haushofer, whose ideas reached a worldwide audience in the 1930s and are said to have influenced the military strategies of the Nazi regime, and even of Adolf Hitler himself. But, it is also the story of the British geopolitical visionary Sir Halford Mackinder, whose 1904 prediction of the coming hegemony in world affairs by a Eurasian "Heartland," centered on a key "Geographical Pivot Zone" in Eastern Europe, inspired and informed Prof. Haushofer's own plans for Germany's future. Ultimately, Prof. Haushofer's insightful advice was rejected by Germany's political leadership, and the country descended on a path which led to defeat in World War II. By war's end, Prof. Mackinder had significantly modified his own theoretical system, and in subsequent decades his influence appears to have shrunk. But, recent events centering on China's greatly expanding economic and political influence, in particular her vast "One Belt, One Road Initiative" designed to link China and East Asia with Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Europe, would appear to have renewed attention to Mackinder's original 1904 theory. Mackinder's vision of an Eastern European "Heartland," at the center of a vast continental system unified through the technology of modern communications and transport, able to influence, and perhaps even to dominate, the states of the periphery which historically had been most prominent - including the powerful maritime states of Europe and America - may be about to be realized.